Martinez, Carolina (5 September 2005). "Cassini Discovers Saturn's Dynamic Clouds Run Deep". NASA. Archived from the original on 8 November 2011 . Retrieved 29 April 2007. Orton, Glenn S. (September 2009). "Ground-Based Observational Support for Spacecraft Exploration of the Outer Planets". Earth, Moon, and Planets. 105 (2–4): 143–152. Bibcode: 2009EM&P..105..143O. doi: 10.1007/s11038-009-9295-x. S2CID 121930171. Madrigal, Alexis (24 June 2009). "Hunt for Life on Saturnian Moon Heats Up". Wired Science. Archived from the original on 4 September 2011 . Retrieved 19 July 2011. In ancient Hebrew, Saturn is called Shabbathai. [145] Its angel is Cassiel. Its intelligence or beneficial spirit is 'Agȋȇl ( Hebrew: אגיאל, romanized: ʿAgyal), [146] and its darker spirit ( demon) is Zȃzȇl ( Hebrew: זאזל, romanized: Zazl). [146] [147] [148] Zazel has been described as a great angel, invoked in Solomonic magic, who is "effective in love conjurations". [149] [150] In Ottoman Turkish, Urdu, and Malay, the name of Zazel is 'Zuhal', derived from the Arabic language ( Arabic: زحل, romanized: Zuhal). [147] Telescopic pre-spaceflight observations Galileo Galilei observed the rings of Saturn in 1610, but was unable to determine what they were Robert Hooke noted the shadows ( a and b) cast by both the globe and the rings on each other in this drawing of Saturn in 1666. a b "Saturn now leads moon race with 62 newly discovered moons". UBC Science. University of British Columbia. 11 May 2023 . Retrieved 11 May 2023.

Knecht, Robin (24 October 2005). "On The Atmospheres Of Different Planets" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2017 . Retrieved 14 October 2017. Anderson, J. D.; Schubert, G. (2007). "Saturn's gravitational field, internal rotation and interior structure" (PDF). Science. 317 (5843): 1384–1387. Bibcode: 2007Sci...317.1384A. doi: 10.1126/science.1144835. PMID 17823351. S2CID 19579769. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2020.

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Spahn, F.; etal. (2006). "Cassini Dust Measurements at Enceladus and Implications for the Origin of the E Ring" (PDF). Science. 311 (5766): 1416–1418. Bibcode: 2006Sci...311.1416S. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.466.6748. doi: 10.1126/science.1121375. PMID 16527969. S2CID 33554377. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2017 . Retrieved 26 October 2017. Souami, D.; Souchay, J. (July 2012). "The solar system's invariable plane". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 543: 11. Bibcode: 2012A&A...543A.133S. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201219011. A133. Atkinson, Nancy (14 December 2010). "Hot Plasma Explosions Inflate Saturn's Magnetic Field". Universe Today. Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 August 2011.

Yes, there is ice beyond Earth! In fact, ice can be found on several planets and moons in our solar system. explore Kaplan, Sarah (25 August 2017). "It rains solid diamonds on Uranus and Neptune". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 27 August 2017. Brunier, Serge (2005). Solar System Voyage. Cambridge University Press. p.164. ISBN 978-0-521-80724-1.The models, published in AGU Advances, also indicate that Saturn’s interior may feature higher temperatures at the equatorial region, with lower temperatures at the high latitudes at the top of the helium rain layer. a b Corporation, Bonnier (April 1893). "Popular Miscellany – Superstitions about Saturn". The Popular Science Monthly: 862. Archived from the original on 17 February 2017 . Retrieved 9 February 2016.

There are two main hypotheses regarding the origin of the rings. One hypothesis is that the rings are remnants of a destroyed moon of Saturn, for which a research team at MIT has proposed the name " Chrysalis". [124] The second hypothesis is that the rings are left over from the original nebular material from which Saturn was formed. Some ice in the E ring comes from the moon Enceladus's geysers. [125] [126] [127] [128] The water abundance of the rings varies radially, with the outermost ring A being the most pure in ice water. This abundance variance may be explained by meteor bombardment. [129] By feeding data gathered by the Cassini mission into powerful computer simulations similar to those used to study weather and climate, Yan and Stanley explored what ingredients are necessary to produce the dynamo -- the electromagnetic conversion mechanism -- that could account for Saturn's magnetic field. Courtin, R.; etal. (1967). "The Composition of Saturn's Atmosphere at Temperate Northern Latitudes from Voyager IRIS spectra". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 15: 831. Bibcode: 1983BAAS...15..831C.

Despite consisting mostly of hydrogen and helium, most of Saturn's mass is not in the gas phase, because hydrogen becomes a non-ideal liquid when the density is above 0.01g/cm 3, which is reached at a radius containing 99.9% of Saturn's mass. The temperature, pressure, and density inside Saturn all rise steadily toward the core, which causes hydrogen to be a metal in the deeper layers. [40]